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Among the various 3D culture approaches, spheroids and tumoroids have emerged as crucial tools for drug screening in preclinical and early clinical studies.

These models provide a better representation of tumor heterogeneity, cell-cell interactions, and drug penetration dynamics compared to traditional 2D cultures.

Spheroids are formed by self-assembly of cancer cells, mimicking avascular tumor structures, while tumoroids incorporate additional elements of the tumor-microenvironment, including stromal and immune components.

Their ability to preserve functional aspects of tumor biology allows for more accurate prediction of therapeutic efficacy and resistance mechanisms.

By offering a balance between complexity and reproducibility, these models are becoming indispensable for pre-clinical stages in drug development.